Calprotectin

Overview:

What is Calprotectin?

Calprotectin is a 36 kDa heterodimeric calcium bind protein that comprises approximately 60% of the cytosolic proteins present in inflammatory cells. Therefore, during intestinal inflammation, calprotectin quantification can be used to measure the level of neutrophils present in the intestinal lumen.

Fecal calprotectin has been shown to increase at a faster rate than serum calprotectin suggesting that fecal calprotectin quantification is a significant biomarker for early stage intestinal mucosal inflammation. In addition, calprotectin is highly resistant to degradation by gastric proteases making it an ideal fecal biomarker for non-invasive detection of intestinal inflammation.

A wide variety of conditions can result in increased neutrophils present in the GI tract including:

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
• Crohn’s Disease (CD)
• Food/protein sensitivities
• Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
• Infectious (pro-inflammatory) organisms

New Studies Have Suggested Lab-Specific Reference Ranges

While the utility of calprotectin as a fecal biomarker for diagnosis of IBD is well established, the diagnostic level of calprotectin to differentiate healthy patients from non-inflammatory disease and IBD has not yet been widely agreed upon due to a wide variety of factors including testing used and tested patient population in different studies.

Calprotectin ELISA kit manufacturers suggest using an elevated cut-off value of 50 µg/g. Utilization of this suggested nominal value is not exceptionally helpful, though, as it does not differentiate between the various causes of intestinal inflammation.

Recently, a review of current literature about the clinical utility of calprotectin examined various aspects of this testing and presented a slightly modified diagnostic guide for reporting fecal calprotectin results. These guidelines were established in an attempt to maximize the negative predictive value of fecal calprotectin testing and reduce the amount of false-positive IBD diagnoses.

Significantly, other studies have suggested using higher calprotectin nominal ranges of 400 to 1000 µg/g for monitoring active IBD.

Given the variation in testing, tested patient population, and the inability of panels of “experts” to reach a standard nominal value, each testing lab is now encouraged by the ELISA kit manufacturers and literature to establish a lab-specific reference range for all protein analytes including calprotectin.

Diagnostic Solutions Have Newly Established Calprotectin References Ranges

In order to establish a Diagnostic Solutions Laboratory-specific reference range, the established calprotectin procedure was performed by multiple testing personnel on several thousand samples with unknown IBD states. The collected data was analyzed, high outliers (defined as those greater than the 5th quantile) were removed, and the re-analyzed 3rd quantile was used to establish the elevated value for the current DSL patient population.

It should be noted that reference ranges for all analytes are highly laboratory-specific due to the following factors:

• Collection instructions and transport times
• Transport media/preservatives
• Laboratory processing and sample extraction
• Specific handling of the sample during testing (temperature, dilution schemes, ELISA incubation conditions)
• Post-testing analysis

Diagnostic Solutions Laboratory makes every effort to ensure that all sample extraction and testing conditions optimize the accuracy of calprotectin (and all reference range) reporting.